Jack Kirby Estate Files Appeal in Marvel Superhero Lawsuit (Exclusive); Hollywood Reporter, 8/15/11

Matthew Belloni, Hollywood Reporter; Jack Kirby Estate Files Appeal in Marvel Superhero Lawsuit (Exclusive) :

"The estate of comic book legend Jack Kirby has appealed a U.S. District Court ruling tossing several key copyright claims against Marvel over such iconic characters as Thor, Iron Man, Incredible Hulk and others."

Gunning for the copyright reformers; Guardian, 8/15/11

Frederic Filloux, Guardian; Gunning for the copyright reformers:

"The book's most spectacular deconstruction involves Lawrence Lessig. The Harvard law professor is one of the most outspoken opponents of tough copyright. For years, he's been criss-crossing the world delivering well-crafted, compelling presentations about the need to overhaul copyright. When, in 2007, Viacom sued YouTube for copyright infringement, seeking more than $1bn in damages, Lessig accused Viacom of trying to overturn the Digital Millennium Copyright Act. It was a de facto defense of Google by Lessig who at the time was head of the Center for Internet and Society at Stanford University. What Lessig failed to disclose is that two weeks after closing the deal to acquire YouTube, Google made a $2m donation to the Stanford Center, and a year later gave another $1.5m to Creative Commons, Lessig's most famous intellectual baby. To be fair, Levine told me he didn't believe Lessig's positions on copyright were influenced by the grants from Google."

How the internet has all but destroyed the market for films, music and newspapers; Observer via Guardian, 8/14/11

Robert Levine, Observer via Guardian; How the internet has all but destroyed the market for films, music and newspapers:

"As pressure builds to enforce copyright law online, technology companies and the activists they support have started to argue that any attempt to block pirate sites will "break the internet", as though it were an iPhone teetering on the edge of a table. The truth is that the internet is broken already: it's simply too chaotic to provide the infrastructure for a 21st-century economy. This has to change, before newspapers and film suffer declines like that of the music industry. Technology companies have long lectured creators on the need to adapt to a changing changing digital world. It would be a shame if they couldn't heed their own advice.

Robert Levine is the author of Free Ride: How the Internet is Destroying the Culture Business and How the Culture Business can Fight Back"

Don Henley Urges Artists to Know Their Rights; New York Times, 8/16/11

Larry Rohter, New York Times; Don Henley Urges Artists to Know Their Rights:

"Q.[Larry Rohter] You and Sheryl Crow went to Washington back in 1999 and 2000 and convinced Congress to undo language classifying sound recordings as “works for hire,” which had just been inserted stealthily into another, unrelated bill. Back then, were you already looking ahead to today, when artists would have the right to reclaim ownership of their recordings, at the expense of record labels?

A. [Don Henley] The termination issue was certainly part of it. We were concerned with a lot of issues in recording contracts that we considered to be unfair, and this was one of the most glaring. We knew that 2013 was going to be a deadline, and that recordings from 1978 would be the first battle. But let’s go back and talk about the history of work for hire for a minute. “Work for hire” was never intended to apply to sound recordings. That came about because of movies and books. Sound recordings somehow got added to the list, then taken off again."

Record Industry Braces for Artists’ Battles Over Song Rights; New York Times, 8/15/11

Larry Rohter, New York Times; Record Industry Braces for Artists’ Battles Over Song Rights:

"Congress passed the copyright law in 1976, specifying that it would go into effect on Jan. 1, 1978, meaning that the earliest any recording can be reclaimed is Jan. 1, 2013. But artists must file termination notices at least two years before the date they want to recoup their work, and once a song or recording qualifies for termination, its authors have five years in which to file a claim; if they fail to act in that time, their right to reclaim the work lapses."

Universities Join Together to Support Open-Access Policies; Chronicle of Higher Education, Wired Campus, 8/2/11

Jennifer Howard, Chronicle of Higher Education, Wired Campus; Universities Join Together to Support Open-Access Policies:

"Today Kansas and 21 other universities and colleges announced that they’re joining forces to form the Coalition of Open Access Policy Institutions, or Coapi. The new group will “collaborate and share implementation strategies, and advocate on a national level,” it said in a statement. The group’s members so far include Arizona State, Columbia, Duke, Emory, Harvard, Oregon State, Stanford, and Trinity universities as well as the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Oberlin College."

Court Ruling Says Marvel Holds Rights, Not an Artist; New York Times, 7/28/11

Michael Cieply, New York Times; Court Ruling Says Marvel Holds Rights, Not an Artist:

"The ruling, by Judge Colleen McMahon of the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York, declares comics and characters created by Mr. Kirby — who helped give birth to the Fantastic Four, the Incredible Hulk and the X-Men, all of which now underlie valuable movie series — were works for hire under the Copyright Act of 1909, and cannot be reclaimed by the Kirby family."

The Empire Strikes Out: Artist Prevails in British Suit Over ‘Star Wars’ Costumes; New York Times, 7/27/11

Dave Itzkoff, New York Times; The Empire Strikes Out: Artist Prevails in British Suit Over ‘Star Wars’ Costumes:

"BBC News reported that the Supreme Court in Britain, the highest court of appeal for civil cases in that country, ruled on Wednesday that the costume replicas created by Mr. Ainsworth were functional rather than artistic works and thus not fully subject to copyright laws."

Mike Batt: my greatest mistake; Guardian, 7/29/11

Graham Snowdon, Guardian; Mike Batt: my greatest mistake:

"What I didn't fully appreciate was that I was signing a contract that offered me no money, no advance, not even a stipend to live on. Everything I wrote for five years would be theirs to publish on a 50:50 royalties basis. Nowadays you'd go 75:25 or 80:20 in favour of the writer. After that, they'd keep it for the full life of the copyright, 70 years after my death."

Marvel Wins Copyrights Over Kirby Heirs; ComicBookResources.com, 7/28/11

ComicBookResources.com; Marvel Wins Copyrights Over Kirby Heirs:

"The decision is an undeniable victory for Marvel and their new parent company Disney who can now move forward with exploitation of the properties in full faith that they control all rights to the Marvel Universe. CBR legal expert Michael L. Lovitz of Lovitz IP Law put it this way: "Essentially, the Kirby heirs were unable to overcome the presumption that the works were 'work-for-hire' because they were created at Marvel's instance and expense.""

Frank Foster, Jazz Saxophonist And Arranger, Has Died; NPR's Morning Edition, 7/26/11

NPR's Morning Edition; Frank Foster, Jazz Saxophonist And Arranger, Has Died:

"Foster had given away many of his publishing rights in youthful ignorance, which deprived him of substantial royalty payments over the years.

Last year, a team from Rutgers School of Law helped him win back his rights to collect royalties for his compositions, including "Shiny Stockings." Now, the family Frank Foster worried about for so many years will finally be able to collect on the fruits of his legacy.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

More Frank Foster stories at NPR Music:
In 2010, Foster finally won back the copyright for "Shiny Stockings," among other tunes. A Blog Supreme also posted when he finally signed the paperwork."

Judge Urges Settlement In Google Books Case; Wall Street Journal, 7/20/11

Chad Bray, Wall Street Journal; Judge Urges Settlement In Google Books Case:

"A federal judge urged Google Inc. and groups representing publishers and authors to reach a revised settlement over a proposed digital library of books before the next court hearing in September, saying he would set a schedule for the case to proceed to trial if the parties aren't close to a settlement by then."

Open Information Activist Indicted for Allegedly Stealing Millions of JSTOR Articles; Library Journal, 7/19/11

Aaron Swartz, Library Journal; Open Information Activist Indicted for Allegedly Stealing Millions of JSTOR Articles:

"Aaron Swartz, former tech lead for the Internet Archive's Open Library project and founder of the progressive activist group Demand Progress, was indicted today in federal court for allegedly stealing approximately 4.8 million articles from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and the JSTOR journal archive."

Judge calls $1.5M file-sharing judgment "appalling," slashes to $54,000; ArsTechnica.com, 7/23/11

Nate Anderson, ArsTechnica.com; Judge calls $1.5M file-sharing judgment "appalling," slashes to $54,000:

"Sections of the verdict are worth quoting in full; they illustrate Judge Davis' deep common sense about the case and provide a worthwhile framework for thinking about similar P2P cases.

[Excerpt of quote] The Court concludes that an award of $1.5 million for stealing and distributing 24 songs for personal use is appalling. Such an award is so severe and oppressive as to be wholly disproportioned to the offense and obviously unreasonable...

As for her argument that she caused no harm to the music industry, Davis “rejects her suggestion" and calls for a penalty in order to enforce copyright law, compensate the record labels, and “deter future copyright infringement.”"

Parliament Study: ACTA Not Fully In Line With EU Rules; Intellectual Property Watch, 7/20/11

Monika Ermert, Intellectual Property Watch; Parliament Study: ACTA Not Fully In Line With EU Rules:

"The Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement (ACTA) under negotiation by a group of countries including those in the European Union is more ambitious than current EU law and risks problems for access to medicines, concluded a recent study commissioned by the European Parliament Committee on International Trade. But the study stops short of calling for a flat rejection of the agreement."

Why I'm Not Going Near Spotify (and Why You Shouldn't Either); Harvard Business Review, 7/22/11

James Allworth, Harvard Business Review; Why I'm Not Going Near Spotify (and Why You Shouldn't Either) :

"Netflix has become so popular that it recently surpassed the amount of Bittorrent ("pirate") traffic on the web, proving that it's compelling offerings, not lawsuits, that win customer's hearts and minds. But if Hulu and Netflix are so fantastic, what's the concern about Spotify?

Simply put: the way we consume music is fundamentally different to the way we consume movies and TV."

Celine Dion shuts down parody website; Guardian, 7/22/11

Sean Michaels, Guardian; Celine Dion shuts down parody website:

"Celine Dion has taken legal action to force the closure of a blog publishing silly photographs of her, according to reports. Our Lady of Histrionics took offence to the website Ridiculous Pictures of Celine Dion, dispatching her lawyers with a cease and desist order."

[Obituary] Sherwood Schwartz obituary; Guardian, 7/14/11

[Obituary] Guardian; Sherwood Schwartz obituary:

"[Sherwood Schwartz] was admired by Brady fans for his efforts to stop Paramount from harassing amateur theatre groups for copyright infringement when they staged productions based on the Brady Bunch."

French copyright cops: we're swamped with "three strikes" complaints; ArsTechnica.com, 7/15/11

Timothy B. Lee, ArsTechnica.com; French copyright cops: we're swamped with "three strikes" complaints:

"We can appreciate that Hadopi has a broad mission, but the three strikes program, with its threat to actually disconnect people from the Internet over online infringement, is what has drawn worldwide attention to France's antipiracy program. For example, we've been covering American ISPs' recent tentative steps toward a "graduated response" strategy of their own. Those ISPs took great pains to distinguish their own policies from a French-style 3-strikes plan, promising that they would not spy on their users or disconnect them from the Internet. Disconnection as a sanction has almost come under attack from the United Nations and from the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, both of which say the penalty is disproportionate to the offense."

[Editorial] A New Try at Curbing Piracy; New York Times, 6/16/11

[Editorial] New York Times; A New Try at Curbing Piracy:

"It remains to be seen whether the new approach will do better in curbing piracy, which is starting to evolve from BitTorrent downloads — currently the main vehicle of piracy — to streaming and other less detectable techniques. But it is well worth a try."

[Podcast] Congress, Copyright and Monkeys; On the Media, 7/15/11

[Podcast] On the Media; Congress, Copyright and Monkeys:

"Techdirt's Michael Masnick talks about the PROTECT IP Act which is a bill making its way through Congress that would allow the DOJ to block sites it deems "infringing" on copyrighted material. Masnick isn't a fan of the legislation. His main critique is that the definition of "infringing" is way too broad. Plus, Masnick talks about standing his ground in a current copyright dispute involving Techdirt, a macaque monkey and a human photographer."

Designers Revisit Copyright Protection; New York Times, 7/15/11

Eric Wilson, New York Times; Designers Revisit Copyright Protection:

"One of the biggest differences in the new bill is that designers would have to prove that a copy is “substantially identical” to their originals, rather than “substantially similar.” And they would have to prove that their designs were truly original, that the defendant’s design was an infringement and that the defendant indeed had knowledge of their work. Also, similarities in color and patterns would not count."

Youth-Culture Photographer Ryan McGinley Sued for Copyright Violation; New York Times, 7/13/11

Randy Kennedy, New York Times; Youth-Culture Photographer Ryan McGinley Sued for Copyright Violation:

"Janine Gordon, who is known as JahJah and is also a musician and multimedia artist, has filed suit against Mr. McGinley in federal court in Manhattan, saying that at least 150 of his photographs are “substantially based” on her work and are violations of her copyright protections."

To Slow Piracy, Internet Providers Ready Penalties; New York Times, 7/7/11

Ben Sisario, New York Times; To Slow Piracy, Internet Providers Ready Penalties:

"Americans who illegally download songs and movies may soon be in for a surprise: They will be warned to stop, and if they don’t, they could find their Internet access slowing to a crawl.

After years of negotiations with Hollywood and the music industry, the nation’s top Internet providers have agreed to a systematic approach to identifying customers suspected of digital copyright infringement and then alerting them via e-mail or other means."

[Podcast] Q&A: Kirby Ferguson; On the Media, 7/1/11

[Podcast] Alex Goldman, On the Media; Q&A: Kirby Ferguson:

"Over the past 9 months, writer, director, and editor Kirby Ferguson has been releasing episodes of Everything is a Remix, a video series about how appropriation, borrowing, and adaptation are inherent in, well, everything we as a culture create. The third installment of the four-part series just came out last week, so we thought we'd ask him a few questions about the project and his personal opinions on copyright and fair use."

Ericsson Recognizes That 'Piracy' Isn't The Problem, But A Symptom Of Failed Business Models; TechDirt.com, 7/1/11

Mike Masnick, TechDirt.com; Ericsson Recognizes That 'Piracy' Isn't The Problem, But A Symptom Of Failed Business Models:

"Once you realize that "piracy" is a symptom of an unsatisfied consumer base, you begin to recognize that it's often the leading indicator for innovation. That's because it shows you what consumers want, and satisfying the desires of consumers is where innovation comes from."

The Fans Own the Magic; New York Times, 7/1/11

Manohla Dargis and A.O.Scott, New York Times; The Fans Own the Magic:

"Prof. Henry Jenkins of the University of California, an enthusiastic champion of fan power, has framed the fight in near-revolutionary terms, writing on his Web site that PotterWar “may have been the first successful movement of fans to challenge the rather blanket copyright assertions of the major media producers.” Certainly it was a striking moment for plugged-in Potterites, yet it’s debatable whether the type of fan triumph that Professor Jenkins and others celebrate is as radical as sometimes suggested. Warner Brothers, after all, still owns the film rights."

Google may be poised to bid for Hulu; Los Angeles Times, 7/2/11

Jessica Guynn and Dawn C. Chmielewski, Los Angeles Times; Google may be poised to bid for Hulu:

"This spring, YouTube secured a movie rental deal with Sony Pictures, Warner Bros. and Universal Studios.

But rivals Walt Disney Studios, 20th Century Fox and Paramount Pictures have held back, amid concerns that Google has failed to do enough to combat Internet piracy. Paramount owner Viacom Inc. is still embroiled in a copyright infringement lawsuit against Google's YouTube."

Rebecca Black pulls ‘Friday’ from YouTube; Washington Post, 6/17/11

Hayley Tuskayama, Washington Post; Rebecca Black pulls ‘Friday’ from YouTube:

"The partying, partying seems to be over on YouTube. According to a message on the site, teen pop star Rebecca Black has pulled the video due to a copyright claim."

Newspaper chain fights for copyright troll's survival; ArsTechnica.com, 7/1/11

David Kravets, ArsTechnica.com; Newspaper chain fights for copyright troll's survival:

"The roadblock is that several judges have recently cried foul on the business model, ruling Righthaven has no legal standing to bring the cases. That’s because Stephens Media kept ownership of the copyrights in the articles, which meant Righthaven had no right to sue over the work.

Now Righthaven and Stephens Media have reworked their agreement—a contract or “assignment” that Gibson, and now Stephens Media, say grants Righthaven standing to sue."

Berlin Wall artists sue city in copyright controversy; Guardian, 5/3/11

Helen Pidd, Guardian; Berlin Wall artists sue city in copyright controversy:

"The East Side Gallery is one of Berlin's most popular tourist attractions, a 1.3km-long brightly painted stretch of the wall which divided east and west for almost 30 years.

But now the outdoor exhibition space is embroiled in an expensive copyright controversy after Berlin council destroyed some artworks painted on the wall and reproduced others without the permission of the original artists."

A Free Site Helps Find Stolen Cam; New York Times, 6/12/11

Roy Furchgott, New York Times; A Free Site Helps Find Stolen Cam:

"If you see your photos on site that you haven’t given permission to use them, you may be able to go after them for copyright infringement."

Independent writer's admission highlights news copyright issues; Guardian, 6/28/11

David Banks, Guardian; Independent writer's admission highlights news copyright issues:

"Copyright in news is complicated. There is no copyright in news itself: you cannot claim you have the only right to tell your readers, viewers or listeners about the facts of an event...

However, when interviewing someone, a journalist uses skill and labour in recording quotes accurately and selecting those most appropriate for publication. So the quotes in an interview are protected by copyright. If any are to be used by another publication then the fair dealing defence would have to be used and the copyright owner, possibly a competitor, would have to be credited."

Tom Petty To Michele Bachmann: Stop Playing 'American Girl' ; HuffingtonPost.com, 6/28/11

HuffingtonPost.com; Tom Petty To Michele Bachmann: Stop Playing 'American Girl' :

"Renowned rocker Tom Petty hit Republican presidential candidate Michele Bachmann with a cease-and-desist letter Monday following the congresswoman's decision to close out her campaign announcement to the tune of "American Girl," Rolling Stone reports."

Interview With the U.S. Copyright Czar; New York Times, 6/8/11

Ben Sisario, New York Times; Interview With the U.S. Copyright Czar:

"As the first United States intellectual property enforcement coordinator, Victoria A. Espinel reports to President Obama and Congress on copyright, trademarks and other intellectual property issues, and works with an array of federal agencies — the Justice Department, Immigration and Customs Enforcement and the Federal Bureau of Investigation, among others — to enforce the law."

Recycled riffs – samples of music biz justice; Guardian, 6/23/11

Angus Batey, Guardian; Recycled riffs – samples of music biz justice:

"One possibility is that samplers are ignoring the law and just sampling anyway, and because the sampled artists don't have the resources to hire lawyers, the samplers get away with it," Joo says. "Another possibility is that sampled artists do negotiate deals, but they get ripped off. The third possibility is that the sampled artists negotiate a good deal, and end up better off. All three of those things are definitely happening. The question is, which happens more? I don't know. But at least the existence of a copyright regime means there is a possibility of the third result."

Marvel Superheroes and the Fathers of Invention; New York Times, 6/25/11

Brent Staples, New York Times; Marvel Superheroes and the Fathers of Invention:

"Courts have already granted a share of the copyright for Superman to the heirs of a co-creator, and sided with Captain America’s creator in another copyright fight. These cases are small fry compared with the battle now being waged between Marvel and the heirs of the legendary comic artist Jack Kirby, who breathed life into such pop culture icons as the X-Men, the Incredible Hulk, Iron Man, the Fantastic Four, Spider-Man, Thor and the Silver Surfer."

The Cloud That Ate Your Music; New York Times, 6/22/11

Jon Pareles, New York Times; The Cloud That Ate Your Music:

"Apple’s Match is a sign that copyright holders are starting to rethink their licensing terms for the cloud, which will make subscription catalogs even larger."

Ask Ars: which image services might commercialize my photos?; ArsTechnica.com, 6/22/11

Jacqui Cheng, ArsTechnica.com; Ask Ars: which image services might commercialize my photos? :

"Q: I heard about Twitpic commercializing user-uploaded photos and became curious. There are alternatives out there, but what are the chances they all have similar terms of service? Is there any service that isn't my own website that won't commercialize my photos? Is this just a standard agreement, or what?"

Time For A Positive Agenda, WIPO’s Gurry Tells Copyright Crowd; Intellectual Property Watch, 6/13/11

William New, Intellectual Property Watch; Time For A Positive Agenda, WIPO’s Gurry Tells Copyright Crowd:

"In remarks that have raised questions among libraries and the information technology industry, World Intellectual Property Organization Director General Francis last week told a copyright industry gathering that it is time to move away from a “negative” agenda of limitations and exceptions to copyright."

Tattoo Artist Settles Tyson Dispute With ‘Hangover 2’; New York Times, 6/21/11

Noam Cohen, New York Times; Tattoo Artist Settles Tyson Dispute With ‘Hangover 2’ :

"A lawsuit by a Missouri tattoo artist that threatened to stop the distribution of the blockbuster sequel “Hangover Part II” has been settled, the movie’s studio, Warner Brothers Entertainment, announced this week."

Whose song is it anyway? Boston Bruins fans co-opt Steelers song; Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, 6/15/11

Dan Majors, Pittsburgh Post-Gazette; Whose song is it anyway? Boston Bruins fans co-opt Steelers song:

"It was at about the same time that the song was noticed by Dan Fleming, 24, an aspiring hip-hop and rap artist from Peabody, Mass., just north of Boston. Fleming writes his own songs, mostly remixes, and posts them on YouTube and Facebook."

[Slide Show] Major Works Affected by U.S. Copyright Law; Chronicle of Higher Education, 5/29/11

[Slide Show] Chronicle of Higher Education; Major Works Affected by U.S. Copyright Law

Lady Gaga Okays Weird Al 'Poker Face' Parody (Video); Billboard via Hollywood Reporter, 6/4/11

Sofia M. Fernandez and Gary Graff, Billboard via Hollywood Reporter; Lady Gaga Okays Weird Al 'Poker Face' Parody (Video) :

"Lady Gaga has given the okay to Weird Al Yankovic to parody her song "Poker Face.""

[Podcast] Can You Copyright the Human Body? ; On the Media, 6/3/11

[Podcast] On the Media; Can You Copyright the Human Body? :

"The artist who inked Mike Tyson’s infamous face tattoo unsuccesfully tried to block Warner Brothers from releasing the movie "The Hangover: 2", claiming copyright infringement because the film features a character with a similar face tattoo. The judge thought blocking the film's release would harm too many people financially, but found that the artist would likely win monetary damages at trial. Duke University Law Professor James Boyle says allowing people to copyright human bodies could set a dangerous precedent."

Google's YouTube policy for Android users is copyright extremism; Guardian, 5/31/11

Cory Doctorow, Guardian; Google's YouTube policy for Android users is copyright extremism:

"Clearly, YouTube has something the entertainment industry wants – reach. And the entertainment industry has something YouTube wants – popular video. While it's true that the vast majority of video on YouTube is "home-made", or at least not the mainstream content produced by large commercial rights holders, there's no denying that there is lots of infringing material from the big studios and broadcasters up there too."

No Progress on Google Book Settlement Talks;Tone Changing? ; Publishers Weekly, 6/1/11

Albanese, A., Publishers Weekly; No Progress on Google Book Settlement Talks; Tone Changing? :

"The parties have made no progress on the underlying copyright dispute behind the lawsuits: whether Google’s scanning and limited display of library books is fair use, or infringement."

[Press Release] Former US Register of Copyrights Marybeth Peters Named to Copyright Clearance Center's Board of Directors; CCC, 2/16/11

[Press Release] Copyright Clearance Center; Former US Register of Copyrights Marybeth Peters Named to Copyright Clearance Center's Board of Directors:

"Copyright Clearance Center (CCC) CEO Tracey Armstrong announced the appointment of the just-retired US Register of Copyrights Marybeth Peters to its Board of Directors. With service at the US Copyright Office spanning four decades, Peters adds another seasoned copyright policy expert to CCC."

[Press Release] Maria Pallante Appointed 12th Register of Copyrights; Library of Congress, 6/1/11

[Press Release] Library of Congress; Maria Pallante Appointed 12th Register of Copyrights:

"Librarian of Congress James H. Billington has appointed Maria A. Pallante as the 12th Register of Copyrights and director of the United States Copyright Office, effective today. Pallante served as the Acting Register for the past five months, following the retirement of Marybeth Peters on December 31, 2010."

Out of Fear, Colleges Lock Books and Images Away From Scholars; Chronicle of Higher Education, 5/29/11

Marc Parry, Chronicle of Higher Education; Out of Fear, Colleges Lock Books and Images Away From Scholars:

"A library of 8.7 million digital volumes. A trove of 100,000 ocean-science photos. An archive of 57,000 Mexican-music recordings.

A common problem bedevils those different university collections. Wide online access is curtailed, in part because they contain "orphan works," whose copyright owners can't be found. And the institutions that hold the collections—a consortium of major research libraries and the University of California campuses at San Diego and Los Angeles—must deal with legal uncertainty in deciding how to share the works. A university that goes too far could end up facing a copyright-infringement lawsuit."